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- The Economist
-
- August 22, 1981
-
- Chips that speak and hear
-
- SECTION: Business, finance and science; SCIENCE BRIEF; Pg. 80 (U.S. Edition Pg. 72)
-
-
- "Here is the news"
-
- So far, most speech-synthesis chips have gone into electronic toys and learning
- aids. Incorporating them into arcade games like Space Invaders is this year's fad.
- Some have also been purchased by companies experimenting with speech applications
- for cars, cookers and automated bank tellers. One application stands out as the
- biggest challenge yet for speech-synthesis experts: the text-to-speech translator--
- in effect, a reading machine. One such translator which will be on the market in
- September can be attached to Texas Instruments' home computer, the TI 99/4. The
- translator, which will cost around $200, reads aloud any news or information
- displayed on the computer's television screen.
-
- Two steps are usually involved in converting text to speech. First, special rules
- are followed to translate the letters of the text into binary numbers representing
- component sounds. The components can be the sounds of complete words or phrases,
- bits of words or variations of individual letter sounds. Second, the components
- stored as binary numbers are strung together in the right groupings and sequences
- depending on syntax. In TI's approach, the component sounds used are finely
- differentiated. They come from a library of 128 sound elements called allophones.
- The ''p'' in push and the ''p'' in Spain are different allophones of the phoneme
- ''p''. Even so, the same words can sound wrong when uttered in a different context.
-
- An even more ambitious reading machine has been developed by Professor Jonathan
- Allen at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Called Mitalk, it can read not
- only unrestricted English text or any word currently in the English language, but
- also any future construction or even nonsense--including the poem Jabberwocky.
- Mitalk's sound components are 7,000 root words, prefixes and suffixes called morphs
- (eg, scarcity = scarce + ity). It produces intelligible and rather machine-like
- speech, but is prohibitively expensive for most applications because it needs
- 600,000 bytes of storage space for its morphs (one byte, equal to eight bits of
- data, is required to define each letter). By contrast, the even less natural-
- sounding TI text translator needs only 3,000 bytes of memory for its allophones.
-
- Professor Allen says Mitalk is modelled on a flat midwestern American accent, and
- that it would take years to make it speak any other. What must Matsushita, a Mitalk
- licensee, make of this limitation? A small Californian company called Telesensory
- Systems is trying to make a scaled-down version of Mitalk as an aid for the blind.
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-